Babrak Karmal
alternative words: Karmal, Najibullah Ahmadzai
keywords: communism , famous person , statesman
related topics: Hafizollah Amin , PDPA , Saur revolution
related web sites: http://www.afghan-info.com/politbiogr.htm , http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/karmal.html , http://www.sabawoon.com/afghanpedia/Personalities.BabrakKarmal.shtm
explanation: Born in 1929 in Kabul as son of an army general. He was an active communist student at Kabul university. As founder member of PDPA in 1965, he led Parcham faction. After Saur revolt of 1978, he became foreign minister but left soon the cabinet due to a conflict with Khalq faction. After the assassination of Amin in late 1979, he became the president of Afghanistan thanks to a Russian support but due his nationalist stance, he was replaced by Najibullah. He died in 1996 of liver disease.
Hafizollah Amin
alternative words: Amin
keywords: communism , famous person , statesman
related topics: Babrak Karmal , Muhammad Taraki , Muhammad Daoud , Najibullah Ahmadzai , Saur revolution
related web sites: http://www.afghan-info.com/politbiogr.htm , http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/amin.html
explanation: Born in 1929 in Kabul province. After having got a master degree at Columbia University in New York, he became the principal of a teacher? training school at Kabul. During Daoud reign, he recruited many followers in the army in competition with Parcham faction. After Saur revolt of 1978, he became foreign minister then prim minister by ousting Parcham faction led by Karmal. He then ousted the president Taraki by a palace plot. With a complicity of Russia, he was assassinated in 1979.
Muhammad Taraki
alternative words: Taraki, Nur Muhammad Taraki, Noor Mohammad Taraki
keywords: communism , famous person , statesman
related topics: Babrak Karmal , Hafizollah Amin , PDPA , Saur revolution
related web sites: http://www.afghan-info.com/politbiogr.htm , http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/taraki.html
explanation: Born in 1917 in Ghazni province of eastern Afghanistan. Thanks to his good English knowledge, he worked as clerk in different ministries and correspondent in foreign newspapers. As founder member of PDPA, he was elected secretary general in 1965 and began to publish a party organ, Khalq. After Saur revolt of 1978, he became the president of revolutionary council and purged Parcham faction led by Karmal. He was secretly executed in 1979 by Amin after having lost a power struggle.
Najibullah Ahmadzai
alternative words: Najibullah, Dr Najibullah
keywords: communism , famous person , statesman
related topics: Kabul , Hafizollah Amin , Saur revolution
related web sites: http://www.afghan-info.com/politbiogr.htm , http://www.sabawoon.com/afghanpedia/Personailities.NajibullahMohammad.shtm
explanation: Born in 1947 in a merchant family of Kabul. Active communist student, he was graduated at a medical college. After Saur revolt of 1978, which brought communists into power, he was appointed ambassador in Iran. After an assassination of president Hafizullah Amin in 1979, he became the head of KHAD (Afghan secret service) then the president of Afghanistan in 1986. He took the refuge in UN compound of Kabul when Mujahideen arrived in 1992. He was executed by Taliban in 1996.
PDPA
alternative words: People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, Afghan communist, Communist
keywords: communism , organization
related topics: King Zahir , Saur revolution , Muhammad Taraki , Babrak Karmal
related web sites: http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/1077.php , http://www.arizonapersian.com/Bulletin/_discussion/0000004c.htm , http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Ginza/3231/historical.htm
explanation: Pro Soviet communist organization founded in 1965 by Taraki and Karmal during a liberal period promoted by King Zahir. They were soon split into Parcham (flag) faction of Taraki and Khalq (people) faction of Karmal. After Saur revolution of 1978, they were reconciled with a Russian meditation but soon split again: Khalq faction dismissed all the Parcham ministers. They regained the posts after a Russian intervention in late 1979. PDPA disintegrated when Mujahideen arrived in Kabul in 1992.
Saur revolution
alternative words: Saur uprising, Saur revolt, Saur insurrection, Saour revolution, Saour uprising, Saour revolt
keywords: communism , event
related topics: Muhammad Daoud , King Zahir , Hafizollah Amin
explanation: After Daoud's coup against King Zahir with a participation of communists, may of them entered his cabinet. But soon their relation became strained due to his iron fist policy. The assassination of Mir Akbar Khyber, an important figure of PDPA provoked a popular riot in April 1978 (Saur means April in Afghan) and communists militaries recruited by Amin encircled the presidential palace. Daoud was killed with his entourage and Democratic republic of Afghanistan was proclaimed.
Soviet invasion
alternative words: Russian invasion, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Russian invasion of Afghanistan, Soviet Afghan conflict, Soviet Afghan war
keywords: communism , event
related topics: PDPA , Muhammad Taraki , Hafizollah Amin , Babrak Karmal , Najibullah Ahmadzai , Mujahideen
related web sites: http://www.afghanwar.spb.ru , http://www.sabawoon.com/afghanpedia/SovietsinAfghanistan.shtm , http://www-ucpress.berkeley.edu:3030/dynaweb/public/books/middle_east/kakar/
explanation: Pro soviet regime led by Taraki was collapsed by a putsch of Amin in September 1979. In a bad term with his nationalist stance, Brezhnev decided to invade Afghanistan in December 1979 with 80,000 men to replace Amin with more manageable Karmal. But in spite of an aid of soviet troops, the communist regime was unable to subdue Mujahideen backed by Pakistan and USA. Due to a huge loss (13,000 soldiers killed), Gorbachev evacuated soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988-89.
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