Al Jazeera
alternative words: Al Jazera, Al Jaziira, Al Jazira, Al Jazeera news, Al Jazera news, Al Jaziira news, Al Jazira news, Al Jazera TV, Al Jazira TV
keywords: organization
related topics: Osama bin Laden , Taliban
related web sites: http://www.aljazeera.net , http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2001/07/12/Features/Features.30301.html
explanation: Satellite TV channel of Arabic language founded by 1995 by Emir Hamad Khalifa of Qatar after a palace coup against his father. They are claiming to defend a freedom of speech, by showing different opinions but many Arabic governments accuse Al Jazeera of pushing people to revolt. Al Jazeera is the unique media company that has correspondents granted by Taliban and broadcasted the last information on bin Laden that irritated the US government and media. Al Jazeera means "island" in Arabic.
Al Qaeda
alternative words: Al Qaeda organization, Al Qaida, Al Qaida organization, Al Qaedah, Al Qaidah, Alqaeda, Alqaida, Al Queda
keywords: islam , organization , terrorism
related topics: Osama bin Laden , Soviet invasion
related web sites: http://cns.miis.edu/research/wtc01/alqaida.htm , http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/ladin.htm
explanation: Islamic fundamentalist group founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988 during a fight against the Soviet troops in Afghanistan. After the withdrawal of Soviet union in 1989, the group has continued to recruit more members thanks to the fortune of bin Laden and switched their goal to the fight against American imperialism and Zionism. Al Qaeda, being suspected as an origin of September 11 attack, their bases have been destroyed by American bombings. Al Qaeda counts about 3000 permanent members.
CDC
alternative words: Centers for disease control and prevention
keywords: organization
related topics: Anthrax
related web sites: http://www.cdc.gov
explanation: Founded in 1946 and located in Atlanta, Georgia, CDC is a federal agency of US health ministry, charged with prevention and protection of US citizens against any diseases. It gives currently official information of anthrax threat in US soil.
Hezb e Islami
alternative words: Hezb i Islami, Hezbi Islami, Islamic party
keywords: islam , organization
related topics: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , Muhammad Daoud
related web sites: http://www.hezb-e-islami.org
explanation: Daoud's iron fist policy forced Hekmatyar to flee to Peshawar. He founded there an Islamic party, Hezb e Islami in 1975 to organize a resistance against Doud then communist regimes thanks to an aid from Pakistan. After the fall of Kabul in 1992, he tried to overthrow Rabbani's regime by launching rocket attack to Kabul. After a takeover of Kabul by Taliban in 1996, they had to be reconciled but meantime, Pakistan changing their support to Taliban, Hezb e Islami has lost influence.
ISI
alternative words: Inter services intelligence, Pakistani secret service, Secret service
keywords: organization , pakistan
related topics: Taliban
related web sites: http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/
explanation: Pakistani secret service founded in 1948 by a British officer. Due to perpetual conflicts with the neighboring countries, i.e. India and Afghanistan, its power has considerably increased and become a state inside a state with 10,000 members and an own financial circuit. ISI is accused for having helped Taliban to conquer Afghanistan by training their members and giving a financial aid.
Jamiat i Islami
alternative words: Islamic society
keywords: islam , organization
related topics: Muhammad Daoud , Burhanuddin Rabbani , Ahmad Shah Masoud
explanation: Initially a club of Koran reading at Kabul university, it became a radical movement against communism popular among students when Rabbani was appointed head of the party in 1972. After a ban of Islamic parties by Daoud, Rabbani fled in 1974 to Peshawar to organize a resistance with other members of party such as Masoud. After the fall of communist regime in 1992, Rabbani became the president of Afghanistan but Hekmatyar opposed him. Rabbani was driven out from Kabul by Taliban in 1996.
Loya Jirga
alternative words: Loyajirga
keywords: king , organization
related topics: Pashtun , Taliban
related web sites: http://www.loyajirga.com
explanation: Literally "grand assembly", Loya Jirga originated from an institution of Pashtun tribe: tribal chiefs and religious authorities had been convened for an important decision such as election of king or war declaration. After an eviction of king Amanullah Khan, it was Loya Jirga that designated Mohammad Nadir as successor. In modern Afghanistan, Loya Jirga had been also convened for recognition of new constitutions and regimes. It is now convened to designate a successor of Taliban regime.
Mujahideen
alternative words: Mujahiddin, Mujaheddin, Mujahidin, Mojahideen, Mujahedeen, Mujahid
keywords: islam , organization
related topics: Soviet invasion , Taliban , Burhanuddin Rabbani , Ahmad Shah Masoud , Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , Abdul Rashid Dostam
explanation: Mujahideen means "warriors" in Arabic language, especially those who fought in Afghanistan during Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. USA gave weapons and instructors, Pakistan, manpower and bases, and Saudi Arabia, money. Once Russians retired, a factional war (Rabbani-Massoud group against Hekmatyar-Dostam group) broke out and Afghanistan plunged into a civil war. Many Mujahideen then became warlords or bandits until an unification of Afghanistan by Taliban.
PDPA
alternative words: People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, Afghan communist, Communist
keywords: communism , organization
related topics: King Zahir , Saur revolution , Muhammad Taraki , Babrak Karmal
related web sites: http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/1077.php , http://www.arizonapersian.com/Bulletin/_discussion/0000004c.htm , http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Ginza/3231/historical.htm
explanation: Pro Soviet communist organization founded in 1965 by Taraki and Karmal during a liberal period promoted by King Zahir. They were soon split into Parcham (flag) faction of Taraki and Khalq (people) faction of Karmal. After Saur revolution of 1978, they were reconciled with a Russian meditation but soon split again: Khalq faction dismissed all the Parcham ministers. They regained the posts after a Russian intervention in late 1979. PDPA disintegrated when Mujahideen arrived in Kabul in 1992.
Taliban
alternative words: Talib, Taleban, Taleb, Talibaan, Student
keywords: islam , organization
related topics: Kandahar , Muhammad Omar , ISI
related web sites: http://www.afghan-info.com/TALIBAN.HTM , http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/taleban.htm
explanation: Literally "students", they suddenly emerged in late 1994 at Kandahar, when 30 students guided by an Islam teacher, Muhammad Omar, succeeded to drive out local Mujahideen. Endorsed overwhelmingly by the people tired with perpetual combats among Mujahideen factions, Taliban quickly captured most of Afghanistan. Most important decision-making structure is "shura", a council of mullahs. Though they are controlling 90% of Afghanistan, few countries have recognized their regime. They are now at war against USA.
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