Online dictionary of history and traditions in Japan: event

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Chushingura

忠臣蔵仮名手本忠臣蔵
alternative words: Chushin gura, Katatehon Chushingura
keywords: event , theater
related topics: Edo period , Muromachi period , Kabuki , Edo , Harakiri , Kaieki
related web sites: http://www.117.ne.jp/~akorosi/siryo/siryo.html , http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp , http://maru.ube-c.ac.jp/users/maeda/ , http://www.waseda.ac.jp/enpaku/gallery/gallery.html
explanation: Joruri and Kbuki play piece based on a real event: during the preparation of an imperial reception at Edo castle, a dispute broken out but Asano Naganori failed to kill Kira Yoshinaka. The usage of sabers being banned inside the castle, Naganori was condemned to harakiri and his feud suppressed (kaieki). Next year, his followers, led by Oishi Kuranosuke revenged the death of Naganori by killing Yoshinaka. Thought it happened during Edo period, the play was adapted to Muromachi period.

Great Kanto earthquake

関東大震災
alternative words: Great earthquake of Kanto, Tokyo earthquake of 1923, Kantodaishinsai, Kanto daishinsai
keywords: event , korea
related topics: Taisho period
related web sites: http://www.japan-guide.com/a/earthquake/ , http://www.ynet.co.jp/touyoko/taisyo2.htm
explanation: The most devastating earthquake in modern Japan. It occurred on September 1st, 1923 in southern Kanto region with Sagami bay as epicenter and 100,000 people, many of them by a post quake fire, were killed. Its magnitude was about 7.9 in Japanese meteorology scale and 2 thirds of Tokyo's houses were demolished. All the transport and communication being cut off, the government ordered a martial law to halt the social unrest but many Koreans and anarchists were killed by rumors.

Hamagurigomon incident

蛤御門の変禁門の変
alternative words: Hamagurigomon no hen, Kinmon no hen, Hamagurigomonnohen, Kinmonnohen
keywords: event , war
related topics: Choshu domain , Edo shogunate , Karo , Harakiri
related web sites: http://bakumatu.727.net/kyou/8/082064-kinmonnohen.htm , http://www.osk.3web.ne.jp/~wolfshan/kyosiseki/hamaguri.html
explanation: Chosu domain sent thousands of soldiers through sea and land to Kyoto to recovery the influence on the imperial court that they lost in 1863. The battle took place on July 19, 1864 around Hamagurigomon (the western gate imperial palace) between Choshu domain vs. Edo shogunate and its allies such as Aizu and Satsuma domains. The battle lasted only few hours but provoked a huge fire in Kyoto. Having lost the battle, Choshu domain asked a pardon by sentencing to death 3 Karo by harakiri.

Jinshin war

壬申の乱
alternative words: Jinshin disturbance, Jinshin no ran, Jinshinno ran
keywords: event , war
related topics: Asuka period , Emperor Tenchi , Emperor Tenmu
related web sites: http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/gutoku2/jinsinnnoran.html
explanation: The biggest civil war of Asuka period. Understood that Emperor Tenchi wished to give the throne to his son prince Otomo, the brother of Tenchi, prince Oama, hid in Yoshino mountains, excusing that he wishes to master Taoism. After the death of Tenchi, Oama fled to the eastern Japan to gather his partisans then attacked the army of Otomo. After fierce battles which lasted 1 month, Oama eliminated Otomo and became the 40th emperor (Emperor Tenmu), while Otomo committed suicide.

Kamikaze

神風
alternative words: Kami kaze, Kamikadze, Kami kadze, Kamukaze, Kamu kaze, Divine wind, Kamikaze wind
keywords: event , war , weapon , world war 2
related topics: Kamakura period , Invasion of Mongols , Amaterasu , Waka , Kaiten
related web sites: http://www.geocities.jp/kamikazes_site/ , http://ww8.tiki.ne.jp/~hidekun/7.htm , http://www.tokkotai.or.jp
explanation: Literally "divine wind", this word has been used in different contexts. Its first meaning is "makura kotoba" (debuting word in Waka poem) for Ise province which owns the main shrine of "Goddess Amaterasu". The second meaning is the gale which sank Mongol's ships during the invasion of 1274 and 1281. The third meaning is "special suicidal fighter pilots" used at the last phase of WWII. Finally you can use this word in any context, when you are saved from a hopeless situation.

Manchurian incident

満州事変
alternative words: Manshu incident, Manshujihen, Manshu jihen
keywords: china , colony , event , war
related topics: Manshukoku , Guandong army
related web sites: http://www1.odn.ne.jp/~aal99510/M_jihen_nenpyo.htm , http://www.jda.go.jp/j/library/senshi/00-06.htm , http://www2.justnet.ne.jp/~hamachu/manchu_001.htm
explanation: In order to recover Japan from a severe economic crisis, the general stuff of Japanese Guandong army, Ishiwara Kanji and Itagaki Seishiro had planed to make Manchuria as Japanese colony. First, they blew up Manchurian railroad on 18 September, 1931 (Ryujoko incident) without authorization of the central government, then they conquered the whole Manchuria in 3 months by pretending to protect Japanese interests against China. Then, Manshukoku was created with Puyi as emperor.

Meiji revolution

明治維新王政復古
alternative words: Revolution of Meiji, Meiji restoration, Restoration of meiji, Meijiishin, Meiji ishin, Meji ishin
keywords: event , meiji revolution
related topics: Saigo Takamori , Sakamoto Ryoma , Katsu Kaishu , Bakumatsu , Tokugawa Yoshinobu , Edo shogunate , Kanagawa treaty , Meiji period
related web sites: http://homepage1.nifty.com/jshoda/
explanation: The signature of Kanagawa treaty in 1853 provoked a great impact among Japanese nationalists. Initially a struggle between pro and con of the westernization of Japan, it degenerated to a dispute between pro and con of Tokugawa regime. The latter was formed essentially with Shimazu and Mori clans and nobility of Kyoto. Though numerically inferior, but better equipped, they defeated Tokugawa army at the battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868 and Tokugawa regime collapsed soon.

Niko incident

尼港事件
alternative words: Nikou incident, Nikolayevsk incident, Nikolaevsk incident
keywords: event , northern territory , war
related topics: Siberian intervention
related web sites: http://ww1.m78.com/sib/nikolayevsk%20misery.html , http://www1.odn.ne.jp/~aal99510/nikoujiken.htm
explanation: In January 1920, Bolsheviks encircled Nikolaevsk near Sakhalin, where White Russians and hundreds of Japanese civilians protected by soldiers were living. Japanese let enter Bolsheviks but breaking the truce, they began to execute white Russians and also captured Japanese who protested it. Learning the arrival of Japanese rescue, they executed Japanese prisoners, too. Furious, Japan occupied North Sakhalin and asked the reparation. Russia executed the responsible and Japan left in 1925.

Nomonhan incident

ノモンハン事件ノモンハン
alternative words: Nomonhan jiken, Halha incident, Nomonhan war, Nomonhan, Khalkhin Gol, Khalkin Ghol, Halkin Gol
keywords: china , event , russia , war , world war 2
related topics: Manshukoku , Guandong army
related web sites: http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet/7009/mg0104-2.htm , http://www.netlaputa.ne.jp/~house/nenpyo/taiheiyo/jikoh/nom.htm , http://www1.odn.ne.jp/~aal99510/index.html8.htm , http://www.orbit6.com/crisf/text/halh_gol.htm
explanation: After a secret agreement, Russia created Mongolian people's republic and Japan, Manchukuo but the frontier had not been clearly defined and a border crash took place in summer 1939. First Japanese Guandong army beat the small Mongolian army but Russia sent the best mechanized divisions and beat severely ill equipped Japanese. Moreover Germany and Russia concluded no aggression pact in August, the idea to consider Russia as a potential enemy retreated and Anglo-Saxon replaced it.

Shimabara rebellion

島原の乱天草の乱
alternative words: Amakusa rebellion, Shimabara uprising, Amakusa uprising, Shimabara riot, Amakusa riot
keywords: event , war
related topics: Daimyo , Edo shogunate , Roju
related web sites: http://www.ffortune.net/social/history/nihon-edo/simabara.htm
explanation: Daimyo, Matsukura Katsuie persecuted Christians while imposed a heavy tax. In December 1673, 37,000 peasants in Amakusa Shimabara region shut up themselves at Hara castle with Masuda Tokisada (Amakusa Shiro) as leader. Before a fierce resistance, leader of assailants, Itakura Shigemasa was killed. Edo shogunate then sent 120,000 men with Roju, Matsudaira Nobutsuna as leader. He used a starvation tactic and finally the castle felt April 1674, followed by a slaughter.

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