Online dictionary of history and traditions in Japan: war

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Battle of Dannoura

壇の浦の戦壇ノ浦の戦い
alternative words: Battle of Dan no ura, Dannoura, Dan no ura
keywords: war
related topics: Gempei gassen , Heishi , Genji , Minamoto no Yoshitsune , Heike monogatari
related web sites: http://www.tiki.ne.jp/~akama-jingu/
explanation: The last battle of the war between Heishi and Genji in 1185. After the defeat at Yashima, Heishi's feet led by Taira no Munemori fled to their last bastion, Kyushu and awaited Genji's fleet led by Minamoto no Yoshitsune at Dannoura. In the morning the tilde was favorable for Heishi but when its direction was changed, the Genji's assault began. Most of Heishi's dignitaries plunged into the sea, including Emperor Antoku, a grand son of Taira no Kiyomori while Munemori was captured.

Battle of Hakusukinoe

白村江の戦い白村江の戦い
alternative words: Hakusukinoe no tatakai, Hakusonko no tatakai, Hakusukinoe, Hakusonko
keywords: korea , war
related topics: Emperor Tenchi , Paekche , Silla
explanation: In 660, one of 3 Korean kingdoms, Paekche, was conquered by Tang and Silla's troops and its king, captured. Some retainers, fled to Japan, requested its help to restore Paekche's throne. Japan responded positively and sent dozens of thousands soldiers to Korean peninsula. During a great naval battle which took place in 663 near Hakusukinoe river, Japanese fleet was severely beaten. As consequence of this battle, Japan had been definitively excluded from the peninsula.

Battle of Nagashino

長篠の戦長篠の戦い
alternative words: Nagashino no tatakai, Nagashino
keywords: war
related topics: Sengoku period , Oda Nobunaga , Tokugawa Ieyasu , Takeda Shingen , Tanegashima rifle
explanation: In 1675, 2 years after the death of Takeda Singen, his son, Katsuyori, raised again a great army to occupy Kyoto. During the siege of Nagashino castle in Aichi prefecture, Nobunaga and Ieyasu's army opposed to an assault of Katsuyori's cavalry with 1000 musketeers (3000 in another source) and severely defeated them. The consequence of this battle are the disappearance of Takeda clan and a radical change of war tactics: the cavalry has become useless against gun fire.

Battle of Sekigahara

関ヶ原の戦い関ヶ原
alternative words: Sekigahara no tatakai, Sekigahara war, Sekigahara
keywords: war
related topics: Sengoku period , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , Tokugawa Ieyasu , Ishida Mitsunari , Sanada Yukimura
related web sites: http://www.ginet.or.jp/oke/index.htm , http://www.ginet.or.jp/sekigahara/ , http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/gutoku2/sekigahara1.html
explanation: After Toyotomi Hideyoshi had died in 1598, leaving a young child behind, a great power struggle took place soon. Tokugawa Ieyasu in east and Ishida Mitsunari in west, each tried to get a maximum number of allied lords by promising a great recompense. The battle took place on September 15, 1600 at Sekigahara between Shiga and Gifu prefectures. Because of a treason of Kobayakawa Hideaki, Ieyasu successfully defeated Mitsunari and opened a route to shogun's title.

Battle of Tsushima

日本海海戦対馬沖海戦
alternative words: Battle of Japan sea, Battle of sea of Japan, Naval battle of Tsushima, Tsushima
keywords: russia , war
related topics: Russo-Japanese war , Mikasa , Admiral Togo
related web sites: http://www.z-flag.jp/suigun/naval/tsushima_war.html , http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~nkgw/az0018.htm
explanation: In order to control the naval supremacy around Japan and to isolate Japanese troops in the continent, Russians sent Baltic fleet under the commandment of Admiral Rozhestvenskii. Japanese combined fleet directed by Admiral Togo intercepted it near Tsushima island on May 27, 1905. After a fierce battle which lasted until next day, Japanese succeeded to sink most of Russian ships. With the famous sentence, "the fate of the Empire depends on this battle", the battle began.

Boshin war

戊辰戦争
alternative words: Boshin civil war, Boshinsensou, Boshin sensou, Boshinsenso, Boshin senso
keywords: meiji revolution , war
related topics: Bakumatsu , Edo shogunate , Meiji revolution , Tokugawa Yoshinobu , Enomoto Takeaki
related web sites: http://haruna.on.arena.ne.jp/military/travelogue/kyouto/tobafusimi.html , http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp
explanation: Small conflicts and political negotiations between pro and anti Edo shogunate were degenerated to a civil war. After a defeat in battle of Toba Fushimi near Kyoto in January 1868, Tokugawa's army led by Yoshinobu withdrew to Tokyo and finally opened the city without resistance. But, unhappy with this sudden capitulation, many individual initiatives appeared in the northern Japan. After a fall of Aizu castle in October then Goryokaku in June 1869, all the resistance stopped.

Gempei gassen

源平合戦源平争乱
alternative words: Genpei gassen, Gempei war, Genpei war, Gempei disturbance, Genpei disturbance, Gempei no soran, Genpei no soran
keywords: war
related topics: Heian period , Genji , Heishi , Minamoto no Yoritomo , Heike monogatari , Battle of Dannoura
related web sites: http://www.mugen-sys.co.jp/Kurashiki/Fujito/ , http://www.anjaweb.com/~genpei/history.html
explanation: War between 2 big rival of samurai clans, Genji and Heishi in the late Heian period. In a broader sense, it includes Hogen and Heiji disturbances but in a narrow sense, it began in 1180 when Minamoto no Yoritomo revolted at Ishibashiyama after a demand of prince Mochihito to punish Heishi. After the loss of Fujigawa battle, Heika gave up capital Kyoto and retreated in western Japan, their power base. Then they lost Ichinotani and Yashima battles and ended in Dannoura battle in 1185.

Hamagurigomon incident

蛤御門の変禁門の変
alternative words: Hamagurigomon no hen, Kinmon no hen, Hamagurigomonnohen, Kinmonnohen
keywords: event , war
related topics: Choshu domain , Edo shogunate , Karo , Harakiri
related web sites: http://bakumatu.727.net/kyou/8/082064-kinmonnohen.htm , http://www.osk.3web.ne.jp/~wolfshan/kyosiseki/hamaguri.html
explanation: Chosu domain sent thousands of soldiers through sea and land to Kyoto to recovery the influence on the imperial court that they lost in 1863. The battle took place on July 19, 1864 around Hamagurigomon (the western gate imperial palace) between Choshu domain vs. Edo shogunate and its allies such as Aizu and Satsuma domains. The battle lasted only few hours but provoked a huge fire in Kyoto. Having lost the battle, Choshu domain asked a pardon by sentencing to death 3 Karo by harakiri.

Invasion of Korea

朝鮮出兵文禄の役慶長の役文禄・慶長の役
alternative words: Bunroku no eki, Keicho no eki, Bunroku Keicho no eki, Bunroku Keicho attack, Korean campaign
keywords: china , korea , war
related topics: Sengoku period , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , Kato Kiyomasa , Arita ware , Satsuma ware
related web sites: http://homepage1.nifty.com/forty-sixer/hideyoshi.htm
explanation: Aware of a smallness of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi decided, after its unification, to invade China. He began first to send troops to Korea in May 1592. Ill prepared, Koreans were quickly defeated and Japanese reached Manchuria frontier in few months. It provoked in turn a massive response of Chinese troops and the both countries signed an armistice. Unhappy with it, Hideyoshi sent again troops in 1597 but this time the campaign was more difficult and ended with the death of Hideyoshi.

Invasion of Mongols

蒙古襲来文永の役弘安の役文永・弘安の役元寇
alternative words: Mongol invasion, Bunei no eki, Koan no eki, Bunei Koan no eki, Mouko shurai, Moko shurai
keywords: war
related topics: Kamakura shogunate , Nichiren , Kamakura period , Dazaifu , Hojo Tokimune , Kamikaze
related web sites: http://www.lib.nakamura-u.ac.jp/e-lib/sato/head.htm
explanation: Kublai Khan requested Japan to become his vassal state but no answer. In October 1274, 40,000 Mongol and Korean soldiers appeared on Hakata bay. First, Japanese were retreating but in afternoon, thanks to reinforcements, the front was frozen. Mongols retreated to their ships in night but a fierce gale sunk them. In June 1281, 140,000 men with reinforcements of Chinese troops arrived at the same point But this time due to stone walls, they are unable to debark while another gale sunk them.

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